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ISO 26262 standard defines four values of ASIL: ASIL A, ASIL B, ASIL C, ASIL D.

ASIL D represents the highest degree of automotive hazard and ASIL A the lowest. There is another level called QM (for Quality Management level) that represents hazards that do not dictate any safety requirements. For any particular failure of a defined function at the vehicle level, a hazard and risk analysis (HARA) helps to identify the intensity of risk of harm to people and property.

These safety levels are determined based on 3 important parameters Exposure, Severity, Controllability

One of the critical action-items while designing a hardware, which is fail-safe, is to derive certain hardware architecture metrics. Some of these metrics are SPFM, LFM, and PMHF.

Quantitative Hardware Analysis FMEDA, an industry-wide accepted and highly efficient method to derive these metrics. Finding the “failure modes” in automotive ECU hardware and achieving required “safe state” is critical to the functional safety. D-Diagnostics Coverage forms an important part of determining FIT and deriving metrics